Evaluation of Electromagnetic Field Generated by LTE and NR Cellular Networks
Péter Prukner

Abstract

The article presents measurement options, changes, and results for electromagnetic exposure for New Radio (NR) mobile base stations. It is important because Internet of Digital Reality devices will also use New Radio (NR) cellular networks. In the article, the frequency-selective and code-selective measurement procedures are presented. In the case of New Radio cellular technology, the continuously broadcasted channels have changed, and the effects of it are examined. We summarized these, to present the New Radio extrapolation formula that is used to evaluate the measurements and its differences compared to the extrapolation formula used to measure the Electric and Magnetic Field (EMF) of 4G technology. We also mention the measurement procedure currently used to measure the electromagnetic exposure of 4G base stations. The 4G EMF measurement is detailed through a measurement we made. The aim of our work is to present the measurement procedures that are currently only recommended. Also, we illustrate the extent to which the exposure levels of New Radio systems differ from those measured for Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems. A new measurement method is explained for EMF testing, which was created by us. This simpler measurement method can make EMF testing faster and more economical.

Keywords
EMF Test methods, Extrapolation, 4G and 5G measurement, NR system, Extrapolation formula

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DOI: 10.47978/TUS.2022.72.03.001
 

Methods and Algorithms for Data Analysis and Knowledge Discovery from Data
Violeta Todorova

Abstract

The rapid development of information technology has led to the huge amount of information generated by large or complex systems. Applications in the field of information technology, telecommunications, business, robotics, economics, medicine, and many other fields generate information volumes that challenge professional analysts. Data mining analysis finds application in areas where statistical and analytical methods and the models built through them are not enough. Data mining analysis is suitable for areas where heterogeneous, large data predominates.

Keywords
Data Analysis, Data Mining, Knowledge Discovery, Medical Data Sources

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DOI: 10.47978/TUS.2022.72.03.002
 

System and Structural Approach to Interaction of Components in Collaborative Flexible Production Systems
Valerii A. Kyrylovych, Anton. R. Kravchuk, Liubomir V. Dimitrov, Petro P. Melnychuk, Liudmila F. Mohelnytska

Abstract

The paper analyses a well-known representation of the automation process as a hierarchical structure in the form of a five-level pyramid with levels 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. The analysis is based on the essence of the concepts "system", "structure", "collaborative industrial robot" (CIR), "collaborative flexible production system" (CFPS). It is proposed to introduce an additional sub-level 0-1, which occupies an intermediate position between the lower levels 0 and 1. It is this sub-level that is reproduced from the standpoint of its structure, considered as a system and meaningfully interpreted as an integral component of the Human-Robot Collaborative System (HRCS). The interaction of Human (H) and CIR is the basis of the execution of technological operations common to H and CIR, which is the content of the collaboration phenomenon. It is sub-level 0-1, called the Human Factor Level, that reproduces collaborativeness and is considered as the Human Robot Collaborative Level (HRCL), which takes into account and reveals the internal connections of this sublevel. The analysis of the presented structure content and the relationships between the components of the HRLC made it possible to interpret it as implementing the executive hardware-controlling component of automation. This interpretation of its content makes it possible to formalize the connections between its components, which determine the obvious directions of research into the phenomenon of collaboration. The formalization of scientific and practical research is presented, which meaningfully reproduces both the collaborative component of automation and its traditional (non-collaborative) component. Directions for further research are determined.

Keywords
Robot, Collaborative Robot 

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DOI: 10.47978/TUS.2022.72.03.003
 

Hybrid Model Recognition and Classification of Human Emotions in Thermal Images
Edmundo Bonilla-Huerta, Roberto Morales-Caporal, Eduardo Sánchez-Lucero, Crispín Hernández-Hernández, Yesenia N. González-Meneses

Abstract

The facial emotion detection is an area of opportunity to apply new methods of digital image processing, machine learning and deep learning. However, there are some facial features that are difficult to analyze by any classification system in RGB images. In this article, a hybrid facial recognition system is proposed which analyses images in the infrared plane to improve the recognition and classification of different facial expressions (happiness, tenderness, fear and sadness). The thermal images were processed by using Digital Processing Images to extract and segment main facial features. A Fuzzy Inference System is proposed to better categorize human facial expressions. The experiments obtained with our hybrid model are very promising to detect and classify basic human emotions, especially to categorize happiness in individuals with high classification performance. ­­­

Keywords
Emotion, Fuzzy Inference System, Image Processing, Thermal Images

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DOI: 10.47978/TUS.2022.72.03.004
 

Problems of the Contemporary Electric Power System of Kosovo
Nuri Berisha

Abstract

The problems and challenges which Kosovo electrical power system (EPS) must deal with are discussed in this paper. The generation, transmission, and distribution in the current situation of the EPS of Kosovo are described. Numerous domestic and international research was examined, and the findings of those studies are reviewed.
Focus has been placed on issues with Kosovo electric power system balancing, voltage stability, short circuits, carrying capacity of the transmission and distribution network, as well as the load and consumption forecasts over the next ten years. Consideration of actions or procedures that could be performed to improve the existing situation is also included. The analysis and recommendations are mostly related to studies like the Kosovo Energy Strategy and the development plan for the transmission and distribution networks of the country. The benefits of integrating renewable energy sources are introduced as means for improving the system stability and security of electricity supply. The transmission and distribution system's technical and commercial losses, as well as the steps that must be followed to reduce them, are reviewed and analyzed.
 

Keywords
Generation, Load Forecast, Power System Stability, Challenges, Losses

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DOI: 10.47978/TUS.2022.72.03.005

 

A Review of Industrial Materials Applications as a Principal Means of Expression in Art-Design Products
Rosen Mitrev

Abstract

The paper reviews the opportunities of using industrial materials as principal means of expression in art-design products. Creative experiences in diverse areas (film, entertainment, theatre, etc.) with certain industrial materials are thoroughly investigated. The materials used, the production technology of the art-design products, the visual effect obtained, and the impact on the spectator are described. It has been concluded that the properties of the materials and manufacturing technologies help to boost the expression of the creative intention of the product, which in turn affects the spectator in the desired way.

Keywords
Material Art-Design Product, Industrial Materials

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DOI: 10.47978/TUS.2022.72.03.006
 

Efficiency of Method for Biological Sequence Alignment
Hristo Stoev

Abstract

Bioinformatics is one of the most rapidly devel oping and promising sciences in recent years, which makes it possible to carry out scientific experiments using computer models and simulations based on effective methods, algorithms and means of storage, management, analysis and interpretation of a huge amount of biological data. A challenge in data analysis in bioinformatics is to offer integrated and modern access to the progressively increasing volume of data, as well as efficient algorithms for their processing. Considering the vast databases of biological data available, it is extremely important to develop efficient methods for processing those data.

Keywords
bioinformatics, biological data sequences, sequences alignment, trilateration.

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DOI: 10.47978/TUS.2022.72.03.007